The same network design that controls walking, running, and finger tapping also generates beats and the urge to move with a beat.ġ. Arbitrary performance rhythms are learned by adaptive timing circuits in the cerebellum interacting with prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Learning and performance of regular rhythms exploits cortical modulation of beats that are generated in the basal ganglia. Performance begins when list chunks read word chunk and pitch chunk sequences into working memory. Songs are learned by associatively linking sequences of lyrics and pitches chunks. Bottom-up and top-down learning between working memory and chunking networks dynamically stabilizes the memory of learned music. Pitches chunks respond selectively to stored sequences of individual pitch chunks that categorize harmonics of each pitch, thereby supporting tonal music. Stored sequences of individual word chunks and pitch chunks are categorized through learning into lyrics chunks and pitches chunks. A canonical working memory design stores linguistic, spatial, motoric, and musical sequences, including sequences with repeated words in lyrics, or repeated pitches in songs. Stored invariant representations can be flexibly performed in a rate-dependent and speaker-dependent way under volitional control. One principle is called factorization of order and rhythm: Working memories store sequential information in a rate-invariant and speaker-invariant way to avoid using excessive memory and to support learning of language, spatial, and motor skills. Center for Adaptive Systems, Graduate Program in Cognitive and Neural Systems, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United StatesĪ neural network architecture models how humans learn and consciously perform musical lyrics and melodies with variable rhythms and beats, using brain design principles and mechanisms that evolved earlier than human musical capabilities, and that have explained and predicted many kinds of psychological and neurobiological data.
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